We discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and present results from antioxidant interventions. Oxidative stress and inflammation downstream of stress hormone signaling and dysregulated circadian rhythms are identified as major disease-relevant pathomechanistic drivers. The harmful effects of noise are related to activation of a physiological stress response and nighttime sleep disturbance. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that road traffic and railway noise may increase the risk of diseases not commonly investigated in an environmental noise context, including breast cancer, dementia, and tinnitus. Several high-quality cohort studies consistently found road traffic noise to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. We review the current evidence regarding effects of noise on health and the related disease-mechanisms. Also, studies investigating the mechanistic pathways underlying noise-induced health effects are emerging. Since then, several studies on the impact of noise on various diseases have been published. In contrast, they concluded that the quality of evidence for a link to other diseases was very low to moderate. In 2018, the World Health Organization concluded that chronic exposure to road traffic noise is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Transportation noise is a ubiquitous urban exposure.
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